Hilbert Pastrana
Instructor: Mr.Dennis Pua
BASICONT
Program Planning & Development
1. Defining Problem
· Recognize the need for information
· Define what output are required of the program
2. Designing a Solution
· Breaking a problem into dice steps known as “algorithm”
Flowcharting – sequence of operations a computer is to perform
Psuedocode – instructions describing each step the computer must follow.
3. Writing the program
· In a specific programming language
4. Compiling, Debugging & testing the Program
· Compiler a special program for each programming language that is loaded into the computer when the language is used
5. Documentation of the program
· Consists of written descriptions & explanation of a program & other materials associated with an organization data processing system.
Top-down vs. Bottom-up
v Top-down - structured design is done.
v Bottom-up – starts identifying small functions & subroutines present in the design and moving up towards more complex procedures.
Using Flowcharts
v Generally involves a top-down analysis of the problem
v Based on the assumption that there are four basic logic pattern namely:
o Simple sequence
o Selection
o Loop
o Branch
Additional design using Flowcharts
o Do-while
o Case
Paradigm – an idealized pattern of usage under which some agent can operate.
Programming paradigm – way of thinking about problems & their solutions, or an approach on how to use a computer to implement those solutions.
MAJOR PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
§ Imperative – means a command or order, while a command means a particular course of action
§ Logical – take a declarative approach to problem solving
§ Functional – view all programs as function in a mathematical sense
§ Objected-oriented – focuses on the objects that are programmer is representing.
OTHER PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
§ Tree – this is viewing code or data in a highly hierarchical maner.
§ Expert System – this organize data by using a lists or pool of rules that are sometimes constantly recycled through
§ Stream – is based on the idea that input and output of smaller programs or utilities can be linked together
§ Neural Network – based on the concepts that computers are programmed in the same way as how human think.
Programming Language
§ Language is defined as a system for communicating.
§ Written language use symbols (characters) to build words.
Machine language
§ Lowest level of programming language.
§ Only language understood by computers and consists of pure number; takes the form of “1” or “0”.
§ Each machine instructions has 2 parts:
ü Op code (operation code) – which tells the computer what function to perform.
ü Operand – tells the computer what data to use when performing the function.
Low Level Language – also called “assembly language” and is similar to machine language but asembly language is much easier to understand than machine language.
High-level Programming Language –its closer to human language than the machine laguage that the computer understands.
BASiC - Beginner's All purpose Instruction Code
FORTRAN - Formula Translator
COBOL- Common Bussines-Oriented Language
PASCAL - The language after seventeenth century French mathematician Blaise Pascal who constructed one of the first adding machines.
Reserved word - are words that have a special meaning to the Pascal compiler.
Symbols - used in Pascal include a mathematical symbols and punctuation marks.
Identifiers - are names that represent various constants, variables, procedures or functions
C Language - A high level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972.
C++ - developed by Bjarne Stroustrup while working at the Bell Laboratories.
JAVA - popular programing language fpr creating applications on the web. "OAK" was developed December 1990 by Sun Microsystem.
The JAVA language was the perfect language for the internet because of the ff:
- Simple and familiar
- Object oriented
- Architecture neutral
- Portable
- Distributed
- Secure
Compiler – a program that translates a program written in a high-level language (source code) and translate it into machine language (Object code).
Interpreter - Translate and execute the program by line
Software Programs & Support Module
Soft ware – carrying a specific type of task.
Program – tells the computer how to solve a problem ar carry out the task.
Support Module – can be used in a conjunction with the main software program.
Operating System (OS) – collection of system programs & routines that reside in a computers memory.
PROGRAMS THAT MAKE UP AN OPERATING SYSTEM
Ø Control Programs – perform a task such as scheduling i/o handling, monitoring of the system status & communication with the programmer.
· Supervisor program
· Input/Output Control System
Ø Service Programs – routines that are frequently used by the programmer.
· Language translator program
· Librarian programs
· Utility programs
· Diagnostic programs
Survey of Operating Systems
- MS DOS
- The Windows Family of Operating System
- UNIX and LINUX
- Windows 1.0,2.0,3.11
- Windows NT and 2000
- Windows 95, 98, ME and XP
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