PRELIMS

Hilbert Pastrana

Instructor: Mr.Dennis Pua

BASICONT

HISTORY
OF
COMPUTER






Abacus:
Ultimate ancestor’s of today’s computer.The arithmetic tool of early merchant’s.






Charles Babbage:
He is the “Father of Computing”.
Invented the Analytical and Difference Engine.


Difference Engine:
Quick tabular calculations, an algorithm that lent itself to the easy creation of a wide range of mathematical tables.
Analytical Engine:
utilized I/O called Jacquard’s punched cards, originally used to lay down thread arrangement in weaving.
also allowed output devices for displaying results.

Generation of Computer

·
The 1st Generation
Used binary codes of “machine language”.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), Can occupied a space equal to a small warehouse.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete variable Automatic Computer), a pioneer in implementing Von Newman's architecture, the key which was the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

· The 2nd Generation Computer
Development of "transistor"
used a more specialized language with easier abbreviated programming code called"assembly language".

· The 3rd Generation Computer

"Integration", a process in which numerous electronic components are brought together to compose a system unit that combines, them in a dynamic, coordinated manner.

The 1st integrated circuit (IC) mas invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

· The 4th Generation Computer

Development of user friendly software packages.
Characterized by the application of advanced engineering techniques that allow for a very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) and ultra-large-scale-integration (ULSI), allow fro the placement of a millions of electronic components in a single chip.


· The 5th Generation Computer
That can understand human speech, can recognize patterns like faces and other complex images.

· Artificial Intelligence (AI)

* Expert system
* Natural language processing

Computer Application

- Business, Mathematics and Science, Engineering, Education, Entertainment.


Computer a device that accept input, process data, stores data, and produce output, all according to a series of stored instruction.

Input: Put into a computer system.Words and symbol in a documents, pictures, instructions from a computer program, audio signals from a microphone, temperatures from a thermostat and numbers for a calculation.
Process: Computers manipulate data in the various way, and this manipulation is referred to as processing

Data : symbol that represents facts, objects, and ideas.

Program: series of instruction that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks

Software: program that set up computer to do specific task.

Central Processing Unit: "Brain of The Computer".

Memory area of a computer that temporarily holds data is waiting to be processed, stored, or output.


Output: results produced by a computer reports, documents, music, graph and pictures.

Data Information and Files

Terminologies:

· Data – the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas

· Information – data presented in a format that people can understand and use.

· Bit – binary codes used by computers consisting of either 1 or 0.

· Byte – eight bit and are used to represent one character

· Character – maybe a letter, number, or punctuation mark

· File – a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium, such as a hard disk, a floppy disk, or a cd.

· Data File – files which regarded as passive, the data does not instruct the computer to do anything

· Executable File – files which are considered as active, the instruction stored in the file couse the computer to carry out some action.

How can Computer represent number using bits?

- Computers represent numeric data using the binary number system also called “base 2”.

v Numeric Data

– The numbers that might be used in arithmetic operations.

v Binary Number System

– Has only two (2) digits: 0 and 1

– Conveniently translates into electrical “on” and “off” signals.

Computer represent word and letters using bits?

v Character Data

– Consists of Letters, symbols and numerals that will not be used in arithmetic calculations

v ASCII

– Pronounced as “ASK ee”

– Stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange

– Requires only seven bits for each character

v Extended ASCII

– A superset of ASCII

– Uses eight bits to represents each character.

– Provides codes for 128 additional characters.

v EBCDIC

– pronounced as “EB sehd dick”

– Stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

– An alternative 8-bit code usually used by IBM mainframe computers.

v UNICODE

– Pronounced as “YOU in code”

– Provides codes for 65,000 characters & makes use of 16 bits.

Converting sounds & pictures into Codes?

Ø Computer must digitize colors, notes, in order to work with sounds and pictures.

Ø Computer converts colors and sounds into number which can be represented by bits.

Ø A red dot on your computer screen might be represented by 1100, a green dot by 0010.

Between bits and bytes

Ø Bit

– Binary digit

– Can be further abbreviated as a lowercase “b”

Ø Byte

– Composed of 8 bits

– Usually abbreviated as an uppercase “B”

Ø Nibble

– Composed of 4 bits

– Halfway between a little bit & a big byte.

Ø Storage space is usually expressed in bytes while transmission speeds are expressed in bits.

How do chips fit together to make a computer?

Ø Motherboard

– Also known as “main board”

– Houses all essential chips & provides connecting circuitry between them.

Microprocessor Basics

Ø Microprocessor - known as processor

Ø Instruction Set - list of instruction that a microprocessor can perform.

Ø Intel – world’s largest chipmaker.

Ø AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) – Intel’s chief rival in PC chip market.

– Work just like Intel’s chip, but a lower price.

Ø Data Processing – technique of collecting, manipulating & distributing data.

Computer Systems

Ø System - collection of objects, procedures that interact in regulated manner to form an organized whole

Ø CPU - coordinate overall operations

Composed of three Units:

· ALU

· Control Unit

· Primary Storage

Ø Control Unit – maintains controls activity in CPU

Ø Arithmetic/ Logic Unit - performs arithmetic computation and logical operations.

Ø Primary Store Unit - holds data and final results.

Ø Input/Output Subsystem – for communications between the CPU & the outside world.

ü Input subsystem – reads data and converts them into electronic pulses

ü Output Subsystem – reports the results of the processing by the CPU.

Memory Subsystem – also known as the “secondary storage”.

I/O Components

Common I/O peripherals
Keyboard
Mouse
Monitor
Hard disk
Printer

Common I/O devices
CDROM drive
Sound Card
Modem
Scanner

Storage Components

· Memory

Ø Random Access Memory (RAM) – allow instruction & data to be stored, change and retrieve by the user.

Ø Read Only Memory (ROM) – memory chip that allow only readout capability

Ø Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) – enables to add special information to the ROM supplied by the manufacturer as a part of the system.

Ø Virtual memory – an imaginary area supported by the software in conjunction with the hardware.

Mass Storage Devices

· Floppy disk

· Compact Disk (CD) & CD ROM

· Zip Disk

· Blueray & DVD

Classification of Computer

v Microcomputers – a small desktop system with limited I/O devices… usually only keyboards for input, a floppy disk for storage, and monitor for output.

v Minicomputer – general purpose computing device.

v Mainframe – very large and expensive computer cable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands of users simultaneously.

v Desktop PC’s – medium sized computer

v Super computers – faster type and very expensive computer

v RISC vs. CISC – used for security system

ü Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

ü Complex instruction Set Computer (CISC)