FINALS

Hilbert Pastrana

Instructor: Mr.Dennis Pua

BASICONT

Trends & Issues

• Web technology
• Artificial Intelligence
• Commerce
• Education
• Careers & professional Outlook
• Health Issues
• Information ethics

Web Technology

What are the differences between the Web and the Internet?

Internet

A communication system

Intended to carry computers data, similar to telephone network which is intended to carry conversations

Carries a various data, including e-mail videoconference, instant messages & contents of Web pages

Web

ü An abstract space information. On the net you find computers on the web: you find documents, sounds, videos, and information. On the ne, the connections are cables between computers: on web. Connections are hypertext links.

Hypertext: that could store literally document link them according to logical relationships and permit readers to comment & annotate what they read.

HTML: (Hypertext Make-up Language) refers to plain text, or ASCII, document with embedded HTML, tags.

Browser: a web client software which is use to surf the web.

Artificial Intelligence

Turing test: designed to satisfactorily identify if the machine is intelligent

To pass the test, the machine should posses the ff:

Natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully

Machine learning to adopt to new circumstances & to detect & extrapolate patterns

Computer vision to perceive objects

Robotics to move about

E-Commerce

Commerce: the exchange of goods and services, usually for money.

Different roles played in E-Commerce

Buyers- those people with money who want to purchase goods or services

Sellers- those people who offer goods & services to buyers

Producers- who create the products & service that sellers offer to buyers.

Electronic Commerce- also known as E-Commerce

Any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than physical exchanges.

Education

Computers & the internet can help in making lessons customized and student centered.

Children are outpacing adults on the technology track.

Education plays the major role in guiding the youth to make of the best of the computer technology

Careers & Professional Outlook

Computer literacy is an advantages on the most jobs nowadays

Management supports the use of technology to improve productivity which in many instances means the elimination of jobs.

Change that involves new and complex technologies are stressful to order & less educated workers.

Health Issues

Essential Implications for Productivity, Efficiency, Safety &Heath in Working Setting

Designing equipment & work arrangements to improves working postures & ease the load of the body

Information design, to make the interpretation & use of handbooks, sign, & displays easier & less error-prone.

Designing working environments, including lighting & heating, to suit the needs of the users & the tasks performed.

Designing tasks & jobs so that they are effective & take account of human needs such as rests breaks & sensible shift patterns.

Equipment Checklists

Accessories (As need)

• Foot rest for users whose feet don’t rest on the floor
• Adjustable keyboard tray, if table is too high
• Wrist rest that is padded, movable, same height as keyboard home row
• Telephone headset
• Glare screen with grounding wire
• Lumber support cushion, if chair doesn’t support lower back

Buying Tips

ü Try equipment out before purchasing whenever possible

Chair

Table

Computer Terminal

Information Ethics

Ethics- rules and standards governing the conduct of an individual with others

Business Ethics- codes of morals of a particular professions

The standards of conducts of a given profession

Information Ethics-defined as arrangements among information system professionals to do right & to avoid wrong in their work.

What information Ethics are not:

Not Law

Not Security

Not Common sense

Not relative

Not conscience

Information System (IS) Attributes

Location

Time

Separation of Act From consequences

Individual power

Privacy- right of people not to reveal information about them selves

- The right to keep information, such as personal e-mail messages, medical histories, & financial information from getting into wrong hands.

Computer Crime

Could reasonably a wide variety of criminal offenses, activities or issues

• Can be separated into two categories
• :Crime facilitated by a computers
• Crimes where the computers is the target.

Computer Security Issues

• Bugs or misconfiguration problems that allow an authorized remote to user.
• Browser-slide risks

Service Theft

• Some people are using thier employer's computer time to play games.
• The biggest abuse is probably wasting time with electronic mail and the internet.

Data Alteration/Theft

• The international use of illegal and destructive programs to alter or destroy data is as much a crime as destroying tangible goods.
• Most common of these types of programs are viruses and worm.

Viruses-program that attached itself to other programs.
Worm-funchtion as an independent program, replicating its own program files until its interrupts the operation of the network and computer system.
Malicious Access-Crimes involving illegal system access and use of computer services are a concerned to both
government and business.
Hacker- a person who enjoys computer technology and spends time learning and using computer systems.

PREFINALS

Hilbert Pastrana

Instructor: Mr.Dennis Pua

BASICONT

Basic Principles of Networking

· NNetworking – problem of delivering a message from a source to destination.

· Tthe problem of giving meaning to these messages received is called communication.

USE OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

· NNetwork for companies

Ø Resource sharing

Ø Dynamic rerouting

· NNetworks for people

Ø Access to remote information

Ø Person-to-person communication

Ø Interactive communication

Communication channels – a pathway over which information can be transferred.

· CComplex channel - is a channel whose whose direction of transmission is unchanging

· HHalf-duplex channel – a channel in which the direction may be reversed, but the transmission does not occur at the same time.

· FFull-duplex channel – channel that allows simultaneous exchange in both directions.

Types of Transmission Technologies

· Point to point network – consist of many connections to individual pairs of machines.

· Broadcast networks – all the machines on the network share a single channel.

Types of Network Topologies

· BBus Network - common channel connects all devices.

· RRing network – all messages travel in a ring, either in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

· TTree network – integrates multiple star topologies into a bus.

· SStar network - a central connection point called the (HUB) is used and all devices connect through it.

· MMesh network – involves the concept of routes, where a message is sent on the network can take any several possible paths from the source to destination.

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

ü ((CDP) Centralized data Processing: the conventional way of doing all the processing & control on centralized computers.

ü ((DDP) Distributed Data Processing: manipulation of data using distributed system.

ü Client/Server: extension of distributed data processing wherein it provides the best of both centralized & distributed data processing.

ü Local Area Network (LANs): connect network devices over relatively short distances.

ü Wide Area Network (WANs): span distances.

Information System - particular discipline or branch of learning that is concerned with the application of information to organizational needs.
Information - measures of quantity of data in message(information theory contest) any data that is relevant to has some value (information system concept
Data - any sign , symbol or measure, which is an form that can be directly captured by a computer or machine.

Capabilities of Information Technology

• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output

Expert System - contain knowledge-base containing accumulated experience and set of rules.

Applications:

• Medical diagnosis
• Chemical analysis
• Genetics
• Geology
• Computer Fault diagnosis
• VLSI design
• Software development and debugging
• Configuring computer system
• Financial analysis
• Education

Management Information System (MIS)- an integrated computer system for a business and other organizations that collects and analyzes information from all departments to support operations abd decission-making functions.
Database Management System (DBMS)- collection of computer programs that allow users to store modify and extract information from database.
Database-a systematic collection of related information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of informaation.
Field- a single piece of information
Record- one complete set of fields
File- a collection of records

Query Language- is a specialized language that allows users to request information from the database.

SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language)

Benifits of DMBS

• Customer details database
• Business sales database
• Searchable database
• Confidential information database

Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

• Based on a relational model developed by E.F Codd
• Data and relations are organized in tables
• A table is collection of records and each record in a table contains the same field.
• Certain fields maybe designated as keys, such that when searching for a particular field, the keys will serve as indices to speed up the search

Characteristic of a good Database Management System

1. atomicity
2. consistency
3. isolation
4. durability

Executive Information System(EIS)- a tool that provides direct on-line access to relevant inforamtion
in a useful and navigable format.
Decision Support System (DIS)-interactive computer based system for informing and supporting makers.

The Internet & World Wide Web

Brief History

Important Development

Year
1962-The internet was first conceived in the early 60's under the leadership of the US Department of Defense's Advance Reasearch Project Agency (ARPA)
1965-Work on ARPANET begins.
1967-Delegates at symposium for the Association for Computing Machinery in Gatlingberg, Tennessee, discuss the first plans for ARPANET.
1968-First generation of networking hardware and software design.
1969-ARPANET connects Stanford Research Institute, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara and the University of Utah.
1970-ALOHANET developed at the University of Hawaii.
1972-The InterNetworking Working Group becomes the first of several standards-setting entities to govern the growing network. Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman of the INWIG, and later becomes known as the "Father of the Internet"
1973-The ARPANET goes international.
1974-Bolt, Beranek & Newman opens Telnet, the first commercial version of the ARPANET.
1976-Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal email messages.
1978-TCP checksum design finalized.
1979-USENET newsgroup established to talk about the net, politics, religion and other topics/
1982-The term "internet" is used for the first time.
1983-TCP/IP becomes the universal language of the internet. Internet as we know it today is born.
1988-Internet worm unleashed. The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was formed to address security concerns raised by the worm.
1990-The ARPANET was decommissioned, leaving only the vast network-of-networks called the Internet.
1991-The World Wide Web is born!
1993-Mosaic, the first graphics-based Web browser, becomes available.
1996-The internet covers the globe. The Age of the Internet has arrived.

MIDTERM

Hilbert Pastrana

Instructor: Mr.Dennis Pua

BASICONT

Program Planning & Development

1. Defining Problem

· Recognize the need for information

· Define what output are required of the program

2. Designing a Solution

· Breaking a problem into dice steps known as “algorithm”

Flowcharting – sequence of operations a computer is to perform

Psuedocode – instructions describing each step the computer must follow.

3. Writing the program

· In a specific programming language

4. Compiling, Debugging & testing the Program

· Compiler a special program for each programming language that is loaded into the computer when the language is used

5. Documentation of the program

· Consists of written descriptions & explanation of a program & other materials associated with an organization data processing system.

Top-down vs. Bottom-up

v Top-down - structured design is done.

v Bottom-up – starts identifying small functions & subroutines present in the design and moving up towards more complex procedures.

Using Flowcharts

v Generally involves a top-down analysis of the problem

v Based on the assumption that there are four basic logic pattern namely:

o Simple sequence

o Selection

o Loop

o Branch

Additional design using Flowcharts

o Do-while

o Case

Paradigm – an idealized pattern of usage under which some agent can operate.

Programming paradigm – way of thinking about problems & their solutions, or an approach on how to use a computer to implement those solutions.

MAJOR PROGRAMMING PARADIGM

§ Imperative – means a command or order, while a command means a particular course of action

§ Logical – take a declarative approach to problem solving

§ Functional – view all programs as function in a mathematical sense

§ Objected-oriented – focuses on the objects that are programmer is representing.

OTHER PROGRAMMING PARADIGM

§ Tree – this is viewing code or data in a highly hierarchical maner.

§ Expert System – this organize data by using a lists or pool of rules that are sometimes constantly recycled through

§ Stream – is based on the idea that input and output of smaller programs or utilities can be linked together

§ Neural Network – based on the concepts that computers are programmed in the same way as how human think.

Programming Language

§ Language is defined as a system for communicating.

§ Written language use symbols (characters) to build words.

Machine language

§ Lowest level of programming language.

§ Only language understood by computers and consists of pure number; takes the form of “1” or “0”.

§ Each machine instructions has 2 parts:

ü Op code (operation code) – which tells the computer what function to perform.

ü Operand – tells the computer what data to use when performing the function.

Low Level Language – also called “assembly language” and is similar to machine language but asembly language is much easier to understand than machine language.

High-level Programming Language –its closer to human language than the machine laguage that the computer understands.

BASiC - Beginner's All purpose Instruction Code

FORTRAN - Formula Translator

COBOL- Common Bussines-Oriented Language

PASCAL - The language after seventeenth century French mathematician Blaise Pascal who constructed one of the first adding machines.

Reserved word - are words that have a special meaning to the Pascal compiler.

Symbols - used in Pascal include a mathematical symbols and punctuation marks.

Identifiers - are names that represent various constants, variables, procedures or functions

C Language - A high level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972.

C++ - developed by Bjarne Stroustrup while working at the Bell Laboratories.

JAVA - popular programing language fpr creating applications on the web. "OAK" was developed December 1990 by Sun Microsystem.

The JAVA language was the perfect language for the internet because of the ff:

• Simple and familiar
• Object oriented
• Architecture neutral
• Portable
• Distributed
• Secure
  

Compiler – a program that translates a program written in a high-level language (source code) and translate it into machine language (Object code).

Interpreter - Translate and execute the program by line

Software Programs & Support Module

Soft ware – carrying a specific type of task.

Program – tells the computer how to solve a problem ar carry out the task.

Support Module – can be used in a conjunction with the main software program.

Operating System (OS) – collection of system programs & routines that reside in a computers memory.

PROGRAMS THAT MAKE UP AN OPERATING SYSTEM

Ø Control Programs – perform a task such as scheduling i/o handling, monitoring of the system status & communication with the programmer.

· Supervisor program

· Input/Output Control System

Ø Service Programs – routines that are frequently used by the programmer.

· Language translator program

· Librarian programs

· Utility programs

· Diagnostic programs

Survey of Operating Systems

• MS DOS
• The Windows Family of Operating System
• UNIX and LINUX
  

• Windows 1.0,2.0,3.11
• Windows NT and 2000
• Windows 95, 98, ME and XP

DOS - the 1^st os and its cryptic command line user interface an indelible impression.